Arduino R3 components:

• Resets the Arduino and restarts the program that is currently loaded onto the Arduino

• The USB connector connects to your computer and has 3 purposes:

1. It supplies power to the Arduino (5 volts)
2. Used to upload programs onto the Arduino chip
3. Can send and receive data to and from the Arduino and a computer

• 14 Digital Input/Output pins

          - Labeled (0 - 13)

          - Pins 0 and 1:

                o    Labeled         

          - Used to detect whether voltage is present:

                o    0 volts

                o 5 volts

                o    Supplies 40 milliamps each

                o    Maximum 200 milliamps used by the Arduino

          - Control devices such as:

                o Motors 

                                   o LEDs

        o Transistors

        o And other components

          - Digital pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11 are capable of Pulse Width Modulation

          - Vin: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (9 volts)

          - 5v: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components

          - 3.3v: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip

          - GND: Ground pins

          - AREF: Reference voltage for analog inputs 

•  6 Analog pins  

          - Labeled (A0 - A5)

          - Used to measure voltage that varies

          - Can be used to send and receive data to and from other devices

          - Have large internal resistance

          - Can also be used as digital I/O pins

• Quartz crystal oscillator:

         - Tick at 16 million times per second

         - The crystal is like a clock for the Arduino, it keeps pace like a metronome

         - Can perform one operation per tick such as:

               o Addition

       o Subtraction

         - The Arduino is capable of performing 16 million operations per second

• Voltage Regulator:

        - Has both 3.3v and 5v voltage regulators

        - Regulates voltage to a constant 5 volts

        - Dissipates heat

• Power Socket:

         - 2.1 mm barrel jack

         - Can accept voltages ranging between (6v - 20v), while (7v - 12v) is recommended

        - This allows you to use the board to burn the bootloader onto an AVR (ATmega168 or ATmega328)

• Mirocontroller Atmega 328P-PU

        - Microcontroller on a chip: The brains of the Arduino

        - 28 pin chip, fits on a socket on the Arduino board

        - Made by Atmel

        - Controls all electronics connected to the Arduino board

     1. L Led:

         - Connected to digital I/O pin #13

         - Has and internal resistor 

     2. TX: Lights up when data is being transmitted

     3. RX: Lights up when data is being received

     4. On: Indicates whether the Arduino board has power